In this lesson, we explore the information that can be gleaned from synovial and serous fluids, semen and feces, and the. For certain body fluids, including pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids, it is important to determine through testing whether the fluid is a transudate or an exudate because it. New chapters have been added, including a chapter on urine and specialized body fluids. Its a series of laboratory tests performed on a sample of csf. The chemical analysis and microbiology sections of the chapters have been expanded to provide the reader with. This is also termed ascites, which is derived from the greek askos meaning bladder, belly or bag. The pathologic accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity is commonly referred to as ascites. Body fluid pericardial fluid collected in a red or greentop heparin tube for glucose, a lavendertop edta tube for cell count, and sterile containers for microbiology specimens. To identify the underlying cause of this accumulation, physicians commonly localize and remove fluid burden, send fluid samples to clinical laboratories for analysis, and offer insight at key points throughout the testing process as part of the. Pleural fluid may be examined by a pleural tap or thoracocentesis. Out of 3020 proteins identified, 345 proteins were found to have cardiovascular related functions through manual literature searches 56.
Body fluid analysis for cellular composition, 1st edition clsi. So, the more muscles one has, the higher the total body water % will be. Parameter result units reference range physical examination volume ml colour turbidity coagulum blood deposit chemical examination total protein gdl globulin gdl glucose mgdl chloride meql. Although chyle is reported to have protein concentrations in the transudative range, chylous effusions are typically exudative, as defined by the standard criteria. This is performed if the doctor suspects certain conditions such as meningitis or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Fluid analysis fluid analysis begins with appropriate sample collection. Processes causing a distortion in body fluid mechanics, such as. If abdominocentesis is indicated, but is negative after a complete fourquadrant paracentesis has been performed, diagnostic. The complex mixtures of proteins present in systemic fluids such as serum or plasma are secreted from. A wide variety of diseases and pathological processes cause abnormal accumulation of fluid within the body. There are many types of fluid contained within the human body. Cerebrospinal fluid results csf interpretation other. The usefulness of diagnostic tests on pericardial fluid. If manual nucleated cell counts are performed on synovial fluid samples, erythrocytes can be lysed, with preservation of nucleated cells, by using a hypotonic saline solution 0.
Clinical utility and applicability of published studies to guide. Western blotting is an extensively used technique for protein analysis 24. Cerebrospinal fluid csf is collected by performing a lumbar puncture on your patient. In lean healthy adult men, the total body water is about 60% 6067% of the total body weight. A comparative proteomics analysis of five body fluids. The asssociation of clinical biochemists in ireland the biochemistry of body fluids version 1. You will not be expected to know this skill for examinations, however you may be asked to interpret some csf results. Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion chest.
Cerebrospinal fluid csf analysis is a way of looking for conditions that affect your brain and spine. The pericardial fluid has a high specific gravity, is rich in protein and cholesterol, and is distinctly yellow. Integrated single cell analysis of human lung fibrosis. Successful treatment of ascites depends upon an accurate diagnosis of its cause table 1 and table 2 and table 3 and. Here, we leverage single cell rnaseq and proteomic analysis of large pulmonary fibrosis. Wherever possible energy requirements of individuals should be measured, using indirect calorimetry or other objective measures. The correspondence of cell state changes in diseased organs to peripheral protein signatures is currently unknown. Protein level, opening pressure, and csftoserum glucose ratio vary with age. The functional analysis of the remaining 2986 proteins showed that similar functions might be shared among different body fluids, which highlighted intimate connection in the body. Currently, it is accepted that the accuracy of the relationship between ascitic protein concentration and. Chyle is a noninflammatory, lymphocytepredominant fluid that may cause a pleural effusion as a consequence of thoracic duct leakage into the pleural space.
A mild degree of chronic pericarditis is usually seen. Fluid analysis part 8 synovial fluid analysis normal and abnormal, arthrocentesis. Where measuring energy expenditure is not possible, prediction equations can be used however, there is a lack of strong and. While not used routinely, other tests that may be highly specific for particular diseases should be ordered only to confirm a high clinical suspicion. Here, we leverage single cell rnaseq and proteomic analysis of large. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity constitutes a peritoneal effusion. A metaanalysis published in 2010 found summary sensitivity and specificity were both. The format of each chapter is clear, concise, and easy to follow. Peritoneal fluid analysis litfl ccc investigations. The strengths of each chapter are the understandable learning objectives, key terms, case studies, clinical situations depicted, and technical tips. Pericardial fluid an overview sciencedirect topics. We hypothesized that chylous effusions from a thoracic duct.
Currently, it is accepted that the accuracy of the relationship between. Pleural effusion occurs when fluid collects between the parietal and visceral pleura. Fluid analysis part 8 synovial fluid analysis normal. Figure 117 illustrates the performance of the string. Out of 3020 proteins identified, 345 proteins were found to have cardiovascularrelated functions through manual literature searches 56. The western blot is a common method used to detect proteins as well as posttranslational modifications on proteins, and can provide semiquantitative or quantitative data about the target protein in simple or complex biological samples. Clinical utility and applicability of published studies to guide interpretation of todays laboratory testing in serous fluids.
Synthesis in the body as a result of oxidation of carbohydrates, adding about 200 mlday daily loss of body water 1. Samples are usually obtained through collection of the fluid in a container e. Other common causes include malignancy and heart failure. Once a sample is obtained, a variety of tests may be performed, including chemistry tests, microscopic examinations, genetic tests, and infectious disease tests. For pleural fluid, protein and ldh are important in distinguishing between transudate. In the united states, ascites is most often due to portal hypertension resulting from cirrhosis. Xanthochromia is most often caused by the presence of blood, but several. Pleural fluid analysis, normal values and abnormalities. The exact percentage of fluid relative to body weight is inversely proportional to the percentage of body fat. Fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as a serous effusion.
Ensure that there is an equal amount of fixative and. Body fluids from nonblood or urine sources present a difficult challenge for clinical laboratories. The remaining chapters cover specific body fluid types and their unique features. Paracentesis is effectively the analysis of ascites the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the abdomen.
Pleural fluid analysis involves taking out the fluid out from the pleural cavity by a procedure called thoracocentesis, where a needle is placed through the skin on the chest into the pleural space. Urinalysis and body fluids, 6th edition laboratory. Body fluids other than blood and urine will be analyzed according to their. Peritoneal fluid analysis additionally, saliva testing is becoming more common for some laboratory testing, such as hiv testing, drugs abuse testing and genetic tests. Accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity results in ascites. Validation of standard chemistry tests for use with body fluids. Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the human body. Laboratory testing can be performed on many types of body fluids. Data sources a systematic search of medline, embase, cinahl and sportdiscus. Infection pneumonia, empyema, pleuritis, viral disease. Cytology and fluid analysis of the acute abdomen tesis can be helpful in making a definitive diagnosis more rap idly. The purpose and practicality of body fluid testing and. Evaluation of pericardial fluid might be limited to cell count, glucose, protein, and lactate dehydrogenase determinations plus bacterial culture and cytology.
Ascitic fluid total protein and the serumascites albumin gradient saag for many years, the ascitic total protein concentration has been used to determine whether ascitic fluid was a transudate or exudate. A total protein test is often done as part of your regular checkup. Eligibility criteria only randomised controlled trials with ret. Local factors influence the accumulation or clearance of fluid. Single cell genomics enables characterization of disease specific cell states, while improvements in mass spectrometry workflows bring the clinical use of body fluid proteomics within reach. This volume deals with the analyses of body fluids other than blood and urine. It is a viscous, mucinous substance that lubricates most joints.
Serumtofluid protein gradient serum protein minus fluid protein may be calculated in these cases and when more than 3. Body fluids represent a central link between various body compartments to exchange metabolic fuels and dispose of metabolic waste products and toxins. Mei, in comprehensive medicinal chemistry ii, 2007. I find the textbook urinalysis and body fluids to be well written and of excellent quality. There are two main fluid compartments water occupies in the body. In addition to ensuring that the test performance characteristics are adequate for the intended use, laboratories also can improve patient safety by engaging with the clinical team to improve appropriate test utilization.
It measures the amount of two kinds of protein in your body, albumin and globulin. Forensic analysis of biological evidence the original 1982 version of this chapter and the 1989 revision were entitled forensic serology. Pdf abstract requests for testing various analytes in serous fluids e. The peritoneum is a tough semipermeable membrane lining abdominal and visceral cavities. Adipose fat tissue is the least hydrated tissue in the body 20% hydrated, even bone contains more water than fat. Ascitic fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of.